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Mercia - Wikipedia. Mercia (Old English: Miercna r. The name is a Latinisation of the Old English. Mierce or Myrce, meaning . The reign of King Offa, who is best remembered for his Dyke that designated the boundary between Mercia and the Welsh kingdoms, is sometimes known as the . Nicholas Brooks noted that . The Diocese of Mercia was founded in 6. Diuma, based at Repton. After only 1. 3 years at Repton, in 6. Saint Chad, moved the bishopric to Lichfield, where it has been based ever since. In 6. 91, the Diocese of Mercia became the Diocese of Lichfield. For a brief period between 7. The current bishop, Jonathan Gledhill, is the 9. At the end of the 9th century, following the invasions of the Vikings and their Great Heathen Army, much of the former Mercian territory was absorbed into the Danelaw. At its height, the Danelaw included London, all of East Anglia and most of the North of England. The final Mercian king, Ceolwulf II, died in 8. Initially, it was ruled by a lord or ealdorman under the overlordship of Alfred The Great, who styled himself . The kingdom had a brief period of independence in the mid- 1. Kingdom of England, not an independent kingdom. Mercia is still used as a geographic designation, and the name is used by wide range of organisations, including military units, public, commercial and voluntary bodies. Mercia in the early Middle Ages. Mercia developed an effective political structure and adopted Christianity later than the other kingdoms. Hunter Blair argued an alternative interpretation: that they emerged along the frontier between Northumbria and the inhabitants of the Trent river valley. While its earliest boundaries will never be known, there is general agreement that the territory that was called . Coming to power around 5. Tamworth. His son Pybba succeeded him in 5. Cearl, a kinsman of Creoda, followed Pybba in 6. Cearl gave his daughter Cwenburga in marriage to Edwin, king of Deira, whom he had sheltered while he was an exiled prince. Penda and the Mercian Supremacy. Some of what is known about Penda comes from the hostile account of Bede, who disliked him - both as an enemy to Bede's own Northumbria and as a pagan. However, Bede admits that Penda freely allowed Christianmissionaries from Lindisfarne into Mercia, and did not restrain them from preaching. In 6. 33 Penda and his ally Cadwallon of Gwynedd defeated and killed Edwin, who had become not only ruler of the newly unified Northumbria, but bretwalda, or high king, over the southern kingdoms. When another Northumbrian king, Oswald, arose and again claimed overlordship of the south, he also suffered defeat and death at the hands of Penda and his allies - in 6. Battle of Maserfield. In 6. 55, after a period of confusion in Northumbria, Penda brought 3. Northumbrian king Oswiu at the Battle of Winwaed, in which Penda in turn lost the battle and his life. Penda's son Peada, who had converted to Christianity at Repton in 6. Mercia; Oswiu set up Peada as an under- king; but in the spring of 6. Oswiu assumed direct control of the whole of Mercia. A Mercian revolt in 6. Northumbrian domination and resulted in the appearance of another son of Penda, Wulfhere, who ruled Mercia as an independent kingdom (though he apparently continued to render tribute to Northumbria for a while) until his death in 6. Wulfhere initially succeeded in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat by Northumbria. So ended the rule of the direct descendants of Penda. Elegies written in the persona of its dispossessed rulers record the sorrow at this loss. For the first few years of his reign he had to face two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. But when Wihtred died in 7. Ine abdicated in 7. Rome, . The artefacts have tentatively been dated by Svante Fischer and Jean Soulat to around AD 6. Offa was forced to build anew the hegemony over the southern English of his predecessor, and he did this so successfully that he became the greatest king Mercia had ever known. Not only did he win battles and dominate Southern England, but also he took an active hand in administering the affairs of his kingdom by founding market towns and overseeing the first major issues of gold coins in Britain; he assumed a role in the administration of the Catholic Church in England (sponsoring the short- lived archbishopric of Lichfield), and even negotiated with Charlemagne as an equal. Offa is credited with the construction of Offa's Dyke, marking the border between Wales and Mercia. Offa exerted himself to ensure that his son Ecgfrith of Mercia would succeed him, but after his death in July 7. Ecgfrith survived for only five more months, and the kingdom passed to a distant relative named Coenwulf in December 7. In 8. 21, Coenwulf was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf, who demonstrated his military prowess by his attack on and destruction of the fortress of Deganwy in Gwynedd. The power of the West Saxons under Egbert was rising during this period, however, and in 8. Egbert defeated the Mercian king Beornwulf (who had overthrown Ceolwulf in 8. Ellendun. The Battle of Ellendun proved decisive. Beornwulf was slain suppressing a revolt amongst the East Angles, and his successor, a former ealdorman named Ludeca, met the same fate. Another ealdorman, Wiglaf, subsequently ruled for less than two years before being driven out of Mercia by Egbert. In 8. 30, Wiglaf regained independence for Mercia, but by this time Wessex was clearly the dominant power in England. Wiglaf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf. Arrival of the Danes. In 8. 68, Viking invaders (from Denmark) occupied Nottingham. The Vikings drove Burgred from his kingdom in 8. Ceolwulf II took his place. In 8. 77 the Vikings seized the eastern part of Mercia, which became part of the Danelaw. All coins struck in Mercia after the disappearance of Ceolwulf in c. West Saxon king. She and her brother continued Alfred's policy of building fortified burhs, and in 9. Danelaw in East Anglia and Danish Mercia. In Winchester, there was even an attempt to blind . In 9. 75, King Edgar is described as . The later earls, Leofric, . The Mercians as a people are last mentioned in the annal for 1. Mercian dialect. Tolkien is one of many scholars who have studied and promoted the Mercian dialect of Old English, and introduced various Mercian terms into his legendarium . Not only is the language of Rohan actually represented as. The first appearance of Christianity in Mercia, however, had come at least thirty years earlier, following the Battle of Cirencester of 6. Penda incorporated the formerly West Saxon territories of Hwicce into his kingdom. The conversion of Mercia to Christianity occurred in the latter part of the 7th century, and by the time of Penda's defeat and death, Mercia was largely surrounded by Christian states. Diuma, an Irish monk and one of Oswiu's missionaries was subsequently ordained a bishop . Christianity finally gained a foothold in Mercia when Oswiu supported Peada as sub- king of the Middle Angles, requiring him to marry Oswiu's daughter, Alchflaed, and to accept her religion. This controversial figure was given land by King Wulfhere to build a monastery at Lichfield. Evidence suggests that the Lichfield Gospels were made in Lichfield around 7. As in other Anglo- Saxon kingdoms, the many small monasteries established by the Mercian kings allowed the political/military and ecclesiastical leadership to consolidate their unity through bonds of kinship. This hidage exists in several manuscript versions, some as late as the 1. It lists a number of peoples, such as the Hwicce, who have now vanished, except for reminders in various placenames. The major subdivisions of Mercia were as follows. Folk groups within included the Toms. Warks.). The Mercians dwelling north of the River Trent (approx. Lincs., Leics., Rutland, Northants. Oxon.). Once a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Northumbria in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control (approx. Lincs.). A collection of many smaller folk groups under Mercian control from the 7th century, including the Spaldingas around Spalding, the Bilmingas and Wideringas near Stamford, the North Gyrwe and South Gyrwe near Peterborough, the West Wixna, East Wixna, West Wille and East Wille near Ely, the Sweordora, Hurstingas and Gifle near Bedford, the Hicce around Hitchin, the Cilterns. Cambs., Hunts., Beds., Herts., Bucks. Oxon.). Once a kingdom in its own right, disputed with Wessex in the 7th century before finally coming under Mercian control. Smaller folk groups within included the Stoppingas around Warwick and the Aros. Warks.). A people of the Welsh border, also known as the Westerna, under Mercian control from the 7th century. Smaller folk groups within included the Temers. Shrops.). A people of the Welsh border under Mercian control from the 7th century. Smaller folk groups within included the Rhiws. Derbys.). A disorganised region under Mercian control from the 7th century (approx. Lancs.). Taken over from Essex in the 8th century, including London (approx. Greater London, Hertfordshire, Surrey). After Mercia was annexed by Wessex in the early 1. West Saxon rulers divided it into shires modelled after their own system, cutting across traditional Mercian divisions. These shires survived mostly intact until 1. Modern uses of the term 'Mercia'. The first of these appeared in 1. Hardy himself considered it the origin of the conceit of a contemporary Wessex. Bram Stoker set his 1. The Lair of the White Worm in a contemporary Mercia that may have been influenced by Hardy, whose secretary was a friend of Stoker's brother. Although 'Edwardian Mercia' never had the success of 'Victorian Wessex', it was an idea that appealed to the higher echelons of society. In 1. 90. 8 Sir Oliver Lodge, Principal of Birmingham University, wrote to his counterpart at Bristol, welcoming a new university worthy of . It will be no rival, but colleague and co- worker with this university, whose province is Mercia..
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